Data Sources & Terms数据来源与使用条款

1Data sources & licences数据来源与许可

The map is built entirely from published New Zealand government and Crown Research Institute datasets. Each is reproduced here with its original licence; you must comply with that licence (typically requiring attribution) if you reuse the data further.

本图完全建立在新西兰政府与皇家研究院已公开发布的数据集之上。每一项都连同其原始许可协议一并列出；若你进一步再利用这些数据，必须遵守相应的许可（通常要求署名）。

数据集名称、发布机构与许可协议名称保留英文原文。它们是署名要求的一部分，必须按原文照录；翻译它们会使引用无效。各条目的说明文字附有中文。

Base map底图

NZ Topo50 Maps (JPEG)

Land Information New Zealand (LINZ), via the LINZ Data Service. The published 1:50 000 topographic map series — 445 georeferenced sheets, mosaicked here into a single image and resampled from 4.23 m to 8.5 m pixels. Crown copyright, licensed Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

Land Information New Zealand (LINZ)，经 LINZ Data Service 获取。已出版的 1:50 000 地形图系列——445 幅经地理配准的图幅，在此拼接为一幅图像，并由 4.23 米像元重采样为 8.5 米像元。版权归新西兰政府（Crown copyright），许可协议为 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International。

Soils土壤

FSL Cation Exchange Capacity, FSL Soil Carbon, FSL Salinity, FSL New Zealand Soil Classification v1.1

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, via the LRIS Portal (lris.scinfo.org.nz). Licensed under the Landcare Data Use Licence v1. Note from the publisher: this data has not been updated since the late 1990s; for current soil data, see S-Map Online.

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research，经 LRIS Portal（lris.scinfo.org.nz）获取。许可协议为 Landcare Data Use Licence v1。发布方说明：该数据自 1990 年代末以来未再更新；最新的土壤数据请见 S-Map Online。

Fundamental Soil Layers — New Zealand Soil Classification

Ministry for the Environment, via the MfE Data Service. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand. This is the same Fundamental Soil Layer polygon set and the same class / group / order coding as the LRIS release above (107,298 polygons in both), republished by MfE for the Environmental Indicators programme; it is the source of the NZ Soil Order and NZ Soil Classification maps rather than a further layer of its own.

Ministry for the Environment，经 MfE Data Service 获取。Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand。它与上面的 LRIS 版本是同一套 Fundamental Soil Layer 多边形，分类单元／土类／土纲的编码也相同（两者都有 107,298 个多边形），由 MfE 为 Environmental Indicators 项目重新发布；它是新西兰土壤分类：土纲与新西兰土壤分类：亚类两幅图的数据来源，本身并不构成另一个图层。

S-map: Soil Depth, Soil Drainage, Soil Texture, Relative Bypass Flow Susceptibility (August 2025)

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, via the LRIS Portal. The "dissolved" single-attribute releases of S-map, the current national soil survey. Licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International — note this is more restrictive than the other datasets here: non-commercial use only, and no distribution of modified versions. S-map covers about 43% of the land area and is blank elsewhere; unlike the Fundamental Soil Layer, it does map most urban areas.

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research，经 LRIS Portal 获取。这是现行全国土壤调查 S-map 的“dissolved”单属性发布版本。许可协议为 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International——注意它比这里的其他数据集更严格：仅限非商业用途，且不得分发修改后的版本。S-map 覆盖约 43% 的陆地面积，其余地方为空白；与 Fundamental Soil Layer 不同，它为大多数城市区域制了图。

NZEnvDS Soil pH (0–10 cm) v1.0

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research (Roudier et al. 2020), via the LRIS Portal. Landcare Data Use Licence v1.

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research（Roudier et al. 2020），经 LRIS Portal 获取。Landcare Data Use Licence v1。

Geochemical Atlas of Aotearoa New Zealand

GNS Science (Martin, Turnbull, Roudier, Cavanagh, Rattenbury, Rogers, Vandergoes, Reyes, Gard, Richardson, et al. 2023). GNS Science Report 2023/23. doi.org/10.21420/P9BK-701 ↗. Licensed Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

GNS Science（Martin, Turnbull, Roudier, Cavanagh, Rattenbury, Rogers, Vandergoes, Reyes, Gard, Richardson, et al. 2023）。GNS Science Report 2023/23。doi.org/10.21420/P9BK-701 ↗。许可协议为 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)。

Land cover地表覆盖

NZ Cost-Effective Land Cover Map 2023/24

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research (Dymond, Shepherd, Law, Martin, Schindler & Belliss). Derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Landcare Data Use Licence v1, via the LRIS Portal.

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research（Dymond, Shepherd, Law, Martin, Schindler & Belliss）。由 Sentinel-2 卫星影像生成。Landcare Data Use Licence v1，经 LRIS Portal 获取。

Land use土地利用

LUCAS NZ Land Use Map 2020 (v005)

Ministry for the Environment (MfE), produced with Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. Only the 2020 snapshot is used here (the source dataset also maps 1989, 2007, 2012 and 2016). Published under MfE's open data terms (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International unless stated otherwise on the source page).

Ministry for the Environment（MfE）与 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research 合作制作。这里只使用 2020 年的快照（源数据集还包括 1989、2007、2012 和 2016 年）。依 MfE 的开放数据条款发布（除源页面另有说明外，为 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International）。

Ecology生态

Ecological Districts and Ecological Regions

Department of Conservation (DOC) / Protected Natural Areas Programme (McEwen et al.). Crown copyright; DOC data is generally available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

Department of Conservation (DOC) / Protected Natural Areas Programme（McEwen et al.）。版权归新西兰政府（Crown copyright）；DOC 数据通常以 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 许可提供。

Climate气候

Downscaled CMIP6 climate projections (CCAM)

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), for the Ministry for the Environment. Only the historical baseline (1995–2014), multi-model median is used — future emissions-scenario projections in the source dataset are deliberately excluded from this map. NIWA / MfE open data terms (enquiries@niwa.co.nz).

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)，为 Ministry for the Environment 制作。这里只使用历史基准期（1995–2014）的多模式中位数——源数据集中对未来排放情景的预估被有意排除在本图之外。NIWA / MfE 开放数据条款（enquiries@niwa.co.nz）。

Climate Station Statistics

NIWA / Cliflo. Station locations and available parameters only — this catalogue carries no gridded values of its own.

NIWA / Cliflo。仅包含站点位置和可用参数——这个目录本身不含任何格网数值。

WorldClim 2.1

Fick & Hijmans (2017), International Journal of Climatology 37(12): 4302–4315. 1970–2000 climatological normals at 30 arc-seconds (~700 m at this latitude). The source of Monthly Rainfall, and of the temperature, solar radiation, wind and vapour-pressure inputs behind Potential Evapotranspiration. Free for academic and other non-commercial use. Note that this is a different source, a different period and a finer grid than the NIWA layers above: a rainfall month and a temperature season are not two measurements of the same thing.

Fick & Hijmans（2017），International Journal of Climatology 37(12): 4302–4315。1970–2000 年气候平均值，30 角秒分辨率（在此纬度约 700 米）。它是月降雨量的数据来源，也是潜在蒸散量所用的气温、太阳辐射、风速和水汽压输入的来源。可免费用于学术及其他非商业用途。注意，它与上面的 NIWA 图层来源不同、时段不同、格网也更细：某个月的降雨量和某个季节的气温，并不是对同一事物的两次测量。

Potential evapotranspiration (derived)潜在蒸散量（派生数据）

Not a published dataset. WorldClim carries no PET, so reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is computed here for the FAO short grass reference crop by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method (Allen et al. 1998), from the WorldClim variables that feed it plus SRTM elevation — the same method and inputs as the CGIAR-CSI Global-PET database. It is an atmospheric demand, not the water actually lost by whatever grows at that point, and soil heat flux is taken as zero.

并非已发布的数据集。WorldClim 不含 PET，因此这里以 FAO 短草参考作物为准，用 FAO-56 Penman-Monteith 方法（Allen et al. 1998）计算参考蒸散量（ET0），输入为相应的 WorldClim 变量加上 SRTM 高程——方法和输入与 CGIAR-CSI Global-PET 数据库相同。它是大气的蒸发需求，而不是该点上生长的植被实际散失的水量；土壤热通量取为零。

Every map's ? panel, every row of the Data tab and every JSON or CSV download names the dataset the value came from, so you can trace any number back to this list.

每一幅图的 ? 面板、Data 选项卡的每一行，以及每一份 JSON 或 CSV 下载文件，都会注明该数值来自哪个数据集，因此任何一个数字都能追溯回上面这份清单。

2How the data was processed数据如何处理

All datasets were converted to Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs (COG) on a single national analysis grid (NZGD2000 / NZTM2000, EPSG:2193, 100 m pixels), so that every layer lines up with every other layer at a given point. The land cover map is the one exception, kept at its native ~10 m resolution because resampling it to 100 m would have discarded most of its value.

所有数据集都被转换为统一全国分析网格（NZGD2000 / NZTM2000，EPSG:2193，100 米像元）上的 Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF（COG），使任一点位上各图层彼此严格对齐。唯一的例外是地表覆盖图，它保留了约 10 米的原始分辨率——重采样到 100 米会损失掉它大部分价值。

• Polygon layers (soil classification, cation exchange capacity, soil carbon, salinity, the four S-map attributes, ecological districts, land use) were rasterized onto the shared grid.
• 矢量面图层（土壤分类、阳离子交换量、土壤碳、盐分、S-map 的四个属性、生态小区、土地利用）被栅格化到这个共用网格上。
• Non-soil map units are nodata, not zero. The Fundamental Soil Layer gives towns, lakes, rivers, estuaries, ice, quarries and bare rock a map unit with no soil attributes attached, and the numeric fields on those polygons are left at zero. Rasterized literally, that made every city in the country read as a genuine measurement of 0% carbon and 0 cmol(+)/kg exchange capacity. Those units are now masked out, so they report no data. They are detected by a blank class field rather than by name.
• 非土壤制图单元记为"无数据"，而不是零。Fundamental Soil Layer 为城镇、湖泊、河流、河口、冰川、采石场和裸岩划定了制图单元，却不附任何土壤属性，这些多边形的数值字段一律留作零。若照字面栅格化，全国每座城市都会显示成"实测"碳含量 0%、交换量 0 cmol(+)/kg。现在这些单元已被掩膜剔除，报告为无数据。识别依据是分类字段为空，而不是按名称匹配。
• Coarse point and grid data were interpolated rather than left sparse: the 676 geochemistry sample points were interpolated across the country using inverse-distance weighting (12 nearest neighbours), and the ~5 km climate grid was resampled to the shared 100 m grid using cubic-spline interpolation.
• 稀疏的点位与粗网格数据经过插值，而非原样保留：676 个地球化学采样点用反距离加权（取最近的 12 个邻点）插值到全国；约 5 公里的气候网格用三次样条插值重采样到共用的 100 米网格。
• The Topo50 base map is not on the shared grid: the 445 published sheets were mosaicked in the same projection at 8.5 m per pixel — an exact 2:1 average of the 4.23 m scans — and stored as an RGB image with an alpha channel, so the ocean beyond the sheet coverage stays clear rather than becoming a white or black rectangle. Half resolution keeps sheet labels legible to the map's maximum zoom while holding the mosaic to 2 GB instead of roughly 30.
• Topo50 底图不在这个共用网格上：445 幅已出版图幅在同一投影下以每像元 8.5 米镶嵌——正好是 4.23 米扫描件的 2:1 平均——并存为带 alpha 通道的 RGB 影像，使图幅覆盖之外的海域保持透明，而不是变成一块白色或黑色矩形。取一半分辨率，既能让图幅注记在地图最大缩放级别下仍可辨认，又把镶嵌影像控制在 2 GB，而不是约 30 GB。
• Climate and geochemistry are clipped to the land. Both were built by interpolation — climate from a ~5 km model grid, geochemistry from 676 sample points — and neither interpolation stops at the coast, so both originally carried values hundreds of kilometres out to sea. Those values described nothing, and being dense floating-point they were most of the file size. Everything outside the land mask is now recorded as no data. The mask is the union of the datasets that are land-only by construction: LUCAS land use, the ecological districts, the Fundamental Soil Layer and the 10 m land cover map, which between them cover 16.6% of the analysis grid.
• 气候与地球化学图层已按陆地裁切。两者都由插值生成——气候来自约 5 公里的模式网格，地球化学来自 676 个采样点——而插值并不会自动止于海岸线，因此二者原本都把数值一路延伸到离岸数百公里的海面。那些数值什么也不描述，而且由于是稠密浮点数，占去了文件体积的大部分。现在陆地掩膜之外的一切都记为无数据。该掩膜取自那些本身就只覆盖陆地的数据集之并集：LUCAS 土地利用、生态小区、Fundamental Soil Layer 以及 10 米地表覆盖图，它们合起来占分析网格的 16.6%。
• Large layers are stored as per-area tiles. Every raster over about 100 MB — the climate surfaces, all 65 geochemistry elements, soil pH, land cover and the Topo50 mosaic — is held as a grid of 200 km cell files (50 km for the two native-resolution rasters) plus one national overview at an eighth of the resolution. The map opens only the cells in view, or the single overview when zoomed out past the point where cells would tell you more, and a click opens only the cell it landed in. Cells that are entirely nodata are never written. No value was altered, resampled or rounded in the process: the cells are cut straight out of the source grid.
• 大图层按区块分片存储。凡超过约 100 MB 的栅格——各气候面、全部 65 种地球化学元素、土壤 pH、地表覆盖以及 Topo50 镶嵌图——都以 200 公里见方的分块文件网格保存（两个原始分辨率栅格用 50 公里），另加一幅八分之一分辨率的全国概览图。地图只打开视野内的分块；当缩放到再细分也无益的程度时，则只用那幅概览图；点击时也只打开落点所在的那一块。全为无数据的分块根本不会写出。整个过程中没有任何数值被改动、重采样或取整：分块是直接从源网格上切下来的。
• Original source files (shapefiles, GeoTIFFs, NetCDFs, the geochemistry geodatabase) are kept, unmodified, in this project's archive/ folder.
• 原始源文件（shapefile、GeoTIFF、NetCDF、地球化学地理数据库）原封不动地保存在本项目的 archive/ 文件夹中。

3Disclaimer & limitations免责声明与局限

For research and planning use only. This map is not a survey-accurate or legally authoritative record of soil, land cover, land use, ecological or climate conditions at any location. Do not use it as the sole basis for a legal, financial, engineering, resource-consent or land-purchase decision — obtain a site-specific professional assessment for those purposes.

仅供研究与规划参考。本图并非任何地点土壤、地表覆盖、土地利用、生态或气候状况的测量级精确记录，也不具法律效力。请勿将其作为法律、财务、工程、资源许可（resource consent）或土地买卖决策的唯一依据——这些用途须取得针对具体场地的专业评估。

• Interpolated values are estimates. Anywhere data has been interpolated (soil geochemistry from 676 sample points; climate from a ~5 km model grid) the value shown for a given point is a modelled estimate between real measurements, not a direct observation at that exact location.
• 插值得到的数值只是估计值。凡经过插值的数据（土壤地球化学来自 676 个采样点；气候来自约 5 公里的模式网格），某一点显示的数值都是真实观测之间的模型估计，而不是在该确切位置的直接观测。
• Source data currency varies. The Fundamental Soil Layer datasets (soil classification, cation exchange capacity, soil carbon, salinity) reflect soil survey information last updated in the late 1990s; other layers are far more recent (S-map August 2025, land cover 2023/24, land use 2020, climate baseline 1995–2014).
• 各源数据的现势性并不一致。Fundamental Soil Layer 系列数据集（土壤分类、阳离子交换量、土壤碳、盐分）反映的是最后更新于 1990 年代末的土壤调查信息；其他图层则新得多（S-map 为 2025 年 8 月，地表覆盖为 2023/24 年，土地利用为 2020 年，气候基准期为 1995–2014 年）。
• Soil data in built-up areas. The Fundamental Soil Layer holds no soil properties for towns and cities, and the modelled soil pH surface is masked over them by its publisher, so those maps report no data over Christchurch, Auckland, Wellington and every other urban area. The four S-map layers do cover most cities; where they do, use them. Nothing here fills the Fundamental Soil Layer's urban gaps by inference — an estimate borrowed from the nearest rural polygon would look like a measurement.
• 建成区的土壤数据。Fundamental Soil Layer 不含城镇的土壤属性，而模拟的土壤 pH 面也被其发布方在城区上做了掩膜，因此这些图在基督城、奥克兰、惠灵顿以及其他所有城区上都报告为无数据。S-map 的四个图层确实覆盖了大部分城市；凡有覆盖之处，请用它们。本图不会用推断去填补 Fundamental Soil Layer 的城区空白——从最近的乡村多边形借来的估计值，看上去会像是一次实测。
• S-map covers about 43% of the country, concentrated in productive lowlands. Outside it the four S-map maps are blank; that is missing coverage, not an absence of soil.
• S-map 覆盖全国约 43% 的面积，集中在生产性低地。在覆盖范围之外，S-map 的四张图都是空白；那是缺少覆盖，不是那里没有土壤。
• Coordinate transformation. Source layers used four different coordinate reference systems; reprojecting between them can introduce a positional error of a few metres, immaterial at the 100 m scale of this map.
• 坐标转换。各源图层使用了四种不同的坐标参照系；相互投影转换可能带来几米的位置误差，在本图 100 米的尺度上并不重要。
• Soil classification is shown at two levels. The source records the New Zealand Soil Classification subgroup as a code (BOT, PIT, ZDH). Subgroup names come from Appendix 3 of the LRIS data dictionary shipped with the source shapefile (nomenclature after Hewitt 1998); the NZ Soil Order layer is the same raster read back to the 15 NZSC orders, so the two layers always agree. Fourteen subgroup codes present in v1.1 are not listed in that appendix and are shown by their order instead.
• 土壤分类按两个层级显示。源数据用代码记录新西兰土壤分类的亚类（如 BOT、PIT、ZDH）。亚类名称取自源 shapefile 随附的 LRIS 数据字典附录 3（命名依据 Hewitt 1998）；新西兰土壤分类：土纲图层就是同一栅格回读到 NZSC 的 15 个土纲，因此两个图层永远一致。v1.1 中有十四个亚类代码未列入该附录，改以其所属土纲显示。
• Displayed colours come from the source data itself, drawn at whatever resolution the current zoom needs; a click always reads the exact full-resolution value regardless of the zoom level or how the colour looks on screen. Continuous layers are colour-stretched to the 2nd–98th percentile of their values so skewed variables stay readable — the legend states both that range and the full range.
• 屏幕上的颜色直接来自源数据，按当前缩放级别所需的分辨率绘制；无论缩放到哪一级、颜色看上去如何，点击读取的始终是全分辨率下的精确数值。连续型图层的色阶拉伸到其数值的第 2 至第 98 百分位，以便偏态变量仍然可读——图例会同时给出这一区间和完整值域。
• Climate layers stop at the coastline. They used to extend over the sea, where the values came from an over-extended gap-fill in the processing rather than from the climate model. Those are gone: offshore points now report no data, which is what they always meant.
• 气候图层止于海岸线。它们过去一直延伸到海面，而那里的数值来自处理过程中过度外推的空缺填补，并非出自气候模式。这些已被去除：离岸点位现在报告为无数据——它们本来就是这个意思。

4Privacy隐私

This map collects no personal data. It is a static site with no server-side component: every click, map pan/zoom and JSON download happens entirely in your own browser. No location you click, no query you run and no file you download is transmitted anywhere beyond the initial page and data files loading from the host serving this site. There is no analytics, tracking or cookies.

本图不收集任何个人数据。它是一个没有服务端组件的静态站点：你的每一次点击、地图平移缩放和 JSON 下载，全部在你自己的浏览器中完成。你点击的位置、运行的查询和下载的文件，都不会传送到任何地方——除了从托管本站的服务器加载最初的页面和数据文件之外。本站没有任何统计分析、跟踪或 Cookie。

5Copyright & reuse版权与再利用

The map application code (HTML/CSS/JavaScript) is original to this project. The underlying data remains the property of its original publishers, listed in Section 1, and is used and redistributed here under their stated licences. If you republish or build on data from this map, attribute the original source dataset, not just this application.

本地图应用的代码（HTML/CSS/JavaScript）为本项目原创。底层数据的权利仍属其原始发布方（见第 1 节），并按其声明的许可协议在此使用和再分发。若你要转载本图的数据或在其基础上开发，请署名原始源数据集，而不只是署名本应用。

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