Kiwistat is a spreadsheet-style statistics and graphing tool that runs entirely in your browser. This guide covers the application: the interface, entering and importing data, the side panes, graphs, and saving. The statistics themselves — choosing a test, its assumptions, and how to interpret and report the output — have their own guide: the Statistics Guide.
Kiwistat 是一个完全在浏览器中运行的表格式统计与作图工具。本指南讲的是这个应用：界面、数据的录入与导入、侧边面板、图表和保存。统计方法本身——如何选择检验、它的前提假设、以及如何解读和报告结果——另有专门的一份：统计方法指南。应用的操作界面为英文。
1A tour of the interface界面导览
The Workbook list in the sidebar groups everything by data tab: each data tab has the results tabs derived from it nested beneath it, so it is always clear which analysis came from which data. On a narrow screen the sidebar tucks away behind the ☰ menu button.
侧边栏里的 Workbook（工作簿）列表按数据选项卡分组：每个数据选项卡下面嵌套着由它派生出的结果选项卡，因此哪份分析出自哪份数据，一目了然。屏幕较窄时，侧边栏会收进 ☰ 菜单按钮后面。
| Tab | What it holds |
|---|---|
| 选项卡 | 里面是什么 |
| Data tabs | Your spreadsheets. Use + data tab at the foot of the list to add another (e.g. one per experiment), double-click a tab to rename it, × to close it (this also closes its results tabs). |
| 数据选项卡 | 你的表格。用列表底部的 + data tab 添加新的（比如每个试验一个），双击选项卡可重命名，× 关闭（同时会关闭它的结果选项卡）。 |
| Results tabs | The numeric output of each analysis, including assumption checks and recommendations, nested under the data tab the test was run on. Every run opens its own new tab, named after the test, so earlier results are never overwritten — re-run a test after changing a setting and compare the tabs side by side. (There is no need to add results tabs by hand — they appear when you run a test.) A PCA adds two tabs: the scores plot and a separate loadings plot. |
| 结果选项卡 | 每次分析的数值输出，包括前提假设检验和建议，嵌套在运行该检验所用的数据选项卡之下。每运行一次都会新开一个以检验名称命名的选项卡，因此先前的结果永远不会被覆盖——改一个设置再跑一次，就能把两个选项卡并排比较。（不需要手动添加结果选项卡——运行检验时它们会自动出现。）主成分分析会新增两个选项卡：得分图和单独的载荷图。 |
| Graph tabs | Every results tab is joined to a small chart-icon button beside it. Click it for the figure belonging to those results, with a full options panel. |
| 图表选项卡 | 每个结果选项卡旁边都配有一个小小的图表图标按钮。点击它即可打开属于那份结果的图，并附完整的选项面板。 |
To the right of the data grid sits the side panel with three views: Column (properties and statistics of the selected column), Sheet (show/hide columns, sorting), and Tests (choose and run a statistical test). Drag the divider next to the panel to resize it.
数据表格右侧是侧边面板，共三个视图：Column（所选列的属性与统计量）、Sheet（显示/隐藏列、排序）和 Tests（选择并运行统计检验）。拖动面板旁的分隔条可以调整宽度。
Small ? buttons throughout the app open short context help, each linking to the relevant section of this guide or the Statistics Guide. Your work is automatically backed up in the browser and reloaded when you return. Undo/Redo (Ctrl/Cmd+Z) covers almost everything, including closing tabs.
应用各处的小 ? 按钮会弹出简短的情境帮助，每条都链接到本指南或统计方法指南的相应章节。你的工作会自动备份在浏览器里，下次回来时重新载入。撤销／重做（Ctrl/Cmd+Z）几乎覆盖所有操作，包括关闭选项卡。
2Working with data数据操作
Arrange data with one row per observation and one column per variable — the layout every statistics package expects. For example, 6 nitrate measurements at each of 3 sites is 18 rows with columns Site (text) and Nitrate (numeric) — not three columns of six numbers.
数据要按每行一个观测、每列一个变量来组织——这是所有统计软件都期待的格式。例如，3 个样点各测 6 次硝酸盐，应当是 18 行，两列分别为 Site（文本）和 Nitrate（数值）——而不是三列、每列六个数。
Column types列的类型
Every column is automatically detected as numeric (measurements) or text (grouping factors like site, species, treatment). The badge under the column name shows the type — click it to override. A column is treated as numeric when at least half of its filled cells are numbers.
每一列都会被自动识别为数值型（测量值）或文本型（样点、物种、处理等分组因子）。列名下方的标记显示其类型——点击即可手动改写。当一列中已填写的单元格有一半以上是数字时，该列即按数值型处理。
Yellow cells and missing values黄色单元格与缺失值
- Yellow cells are text in a numeric column — a typo, or entries like “n.d.” or “<0.05”. They are kept so you can see them, but ignored by every statistic. Use Clean column in the Column pane to blank them all at once.
- Empty cells are missing values. They are simply left out of calculations — you do not need a placeholder code.
- 黄色单元格表示数值列里出现了文本——可能是笔误，也可能是 "n.d." 或 "<0.05" 这类记法。它们被保留下来供你查看，但所有统计量都会忽略它们。用 Column 面板里的 Clean column 可一次性把它们清空。
- 空单元格即缺失值。它们会直接从计算中剔除——不需要填任何占位代码。
Editing the grid编辑表格
- 点击单元格即可输入；Tab／Enter 和方向键在单元格之间移动。
- 像在 Excel 里一样选择单元格：拖动可选区域，按住 Shift 配合方向键可选一个矩形块；Cmd/Ctrl+点击可加选单个单元格；点击左上角的方块（或按 Cmd/Ctrl+A）可选中整张表。然后用 Ctrl/Cmd+C／X／V 复制、剪切或粘贴（与 Excel、Numbers 和 Google Sheets 双向通用）。
- 整表复制会包含表头行——把它粘进一个新的数据选项卡，就会连同表头一起载入（若粘进已有数据的表，会先询问是否替换）。
- 直接从 Excel 粘一整列：如果你连同标题一起复制某一列，并粘贴到第一行数据上，标题会被放进列表头的位置，数值则从第 1 行开始。只有当顶端单元格是文本、其下都是数字时，Kiwistat 才会这样处理——一列分组标签（Site、Species……）会原样当作数据保留。若你并不想要这个结果，撤销即可恢复原表头。
- 右键点击单元格可插入或删除行列，也可以移动单个单元格：Delete cell (shift up) 删除它并把该列其余部分上移；Insert cell (shift down) 插入一个空位并把其余部分下移（表格会相应增长，底部不会掉数据）。只有那一列移动，相邻各列原地不动——某个数值被录到错行时，这正是你想要的。先选中一个区块，菜单会提供一次性移动所有选中单元格的选项。
- 点击列标字母（A、B、C……）可在 Column 面板中查看该列。
- Click a cell and type; Tab/Enter and the arrow keys move between cells.
- Select cells as in Excel: drag across cells or hold Shift and use the arrow keys for a block; Cmd/Ctrl+click to add individual cells; click the top-left corner square (or Cmd/Ctrl+A) to select the whole table. Then Ctrl/Cmd+C/X/V copies, cuts or pastes (works to and from Excel, Numbers and Google Sheets).
- A whole-table copy includes the header row — paste it into a new data tab and it loads complete with headers (pasting it into a sheet that already holds data asks before replacing).
- Pasting a column straight out of Excel: if you copy a column together with its heading and paste it onto the first data row, the heading goes into the column header where it belongs and the numbers start at row 1. Kiwistat only does this when the top cell is text and the values below it are numbers — a column of group labels (Site, Species…) is left alone as data. Undo restores the old header if you didn't want it.
- Right-click a cell to insert or delete rows and columns, or to shift a single cell: Delete cell (shift up) removes it and pulls the rest of that column up; Insert cell (shift down) opens a gap and pushes the rest down (the table grows so nothing drops off the bottom). Only that column moves — the neighbouring columns stay where they are, which is exactly what you want when one value was typed into the wrong row. Select a block first and the menu offers to shift all of the selected cells at once.
- Click a column letter (A, B, C…) to inspect that column in the Column pane.
3Detection limits (censored values)检出限（删失值）
Environmental chemistry is full of results reported as “below the detection limit”. Type them exactly as the lab reports them — for example <0.05 or <0.002. Kiwistat recognises these as censored values, shows them in blue italics, and keeps them as information rather than discarding them.
环境化学里到处是"低于检出限"的结果。请完全照实验室报告的写法录入——例如 <0.05 或 <0.002。Kiwistat 会把它们识别为删失值，以蓝色斜体显示，并当作信息保留而不是丢弃。
By default each censored value is replaced by half the detection limit in calculations — the most common simple convention. Select the column and use the Below-detection values count as… menu in the Column pane to choose the rule per column:
默认情况下，计算时每个删失值都用检出限的一半代入——这是最常见的简便约定。选中该列，用 Column 面板中的 Below-detection values count as… 菜单可为每一列单独选择规则：
| Rule | Substitutes | When to use |
|---|---|---|
| 规则 | 代入值 | 适用场合 |
| ½ × detection limit (default) | LOD ⁄ 2 | General-purpose compromise; the usual teaching default. |
| ½ × 检出限（默认） | LOD ⁄ 2 | 通用的折中做法；教学中的惯用默认值。 |
| The detection limit | LOD | Conservative upper bound (may overstate low concentrations). |
| 检出限本身 | LOD | 保守的上界（可能高估低浓度）。 |
| Zero | 0 | Optimistic lower bound; only if a true zero is plausible. |
| 零 | 0 | 乐观的下界；只有在真实值确有可能为零时才用。 |
| Excluded | — (treated as missing) | When you want to ignore non-detects entirely. |
| 剔除 | —（按缺失值处理） | 当你想完全忽略未检出值时。 |
4Importing files导入文件
The Import menu on the Data tab accepts .csv, .txt, .xlsx, .xls and Apple .numbers files. Every import opens an alignment preview where you can:
Data 选项卡上的 Import 菜单接受 .csv、.txt、.xlsx、.xls 以及苹果的 .numbers 文件。每次导入都会打开一个对齐预览，你可以在其中：
- Pick which worksheet to load (multi-sheet workbooks);
- Click the row number that holds your column labels — rows above it are skipped (useful when files start with notes or instrument headers);
- Tick Swap rows ↔ columns when the labels run down the side instead of across the top;
- Choose No label row to auto-name columns Col1, Col2, …;
- Load into a new data tab (keeps your current data) or replace the current tab.
- 选择要载入哪个工作表（多表工作簿）；
- 点击列标题所在的行号——它上面的行会被跳过（文件开头带说明或仪器抬头时很有用）；
- 当标题排在左侧而不是顶端时，勾选 Swap rows ↔ columns（行列互换）；
- 选择 No label row（无标题行），自动把列命名为 Col1、Col2……；
- 载入到新的数据选项卡（保留当前数据），或替换当前选项卡。
You can also paste data directly: open Paste data from spreadsheet above the grid, paste a block with its header row on top, and press Load Pasted Data. The box is emptied and folded away once the data is in the grid, so there is never a stale second copy of your data sitting above the table.
你也可以直接粘贴数据：展开表格上方的 Paste data from spreadsheet，把带表头行的数据块粘进去，然后按 Load Pasted Data。数据进入表格后，这个输入框会被清空并折叠起来，因此表格上方不会留下一份过时的数据副本。
5The Column & Sheet panesColumn 与 Sheet 面板
- Name 与 Unit（名称与单位）
- 用于检验输出，也作为坐标轴标签的默认值——早点设好，图就会自动标注。
- Use log₁₀ values for statistics（统计时使用 log₁₀ 值）
- 勾选后，所有统计检验读取的都是该列数值的 log₁₀，而你看到的数据不变。这是处理右偏测量值（浓度、计数、生物量）的标准办法，而这类数据在环境科学中非常常见。零和负值无法取对数，该选项开启期间会被剔除。检验输出和坐标轴标签会自动改为"log₁₀(名称)"。（为什么要做变换？见统计入门。）
- Apply formula（套用公式）
- 用其他列逐行计算出一个空列，以列标字母引用：
=(D-C)*A/B、=SUM(A:D)*0.01、=IF(B>10, 1, 0)。可用函数包括SUM、AVERAGE、MIN、MAX、COUNT、MEDIAN、STDEV、GEOMEAN、LOG10、LN、SQRT、EXP、ABS、ROUND、IF、AND、OR等。计算列会在其输入变化时自动更新；!M标记输入缺失的行，!E标记运算错误。 - Cumulative total（累计值）
- 另一列的逐行累加和（例如累计降水量）。
- Clean column（清理列）
- 清空所有非数值单元格和错误标记；把计算列固定为普通数值。
- Statistics 与小型 Q-Q 图
- 面板会显示 n、均值、几何均值、中位数和离散程度，另附一张小的正态 Q-Q 图：若各点沿虚线排列，说明该列大致服从正态分布。
- Name and Unit
- Used in test output and as default axis labels — set them early and your graphs label themselves.
- Use log₁₀ values for statistics
- When ticked, every statistical test reads log₁₀ of this column's values, without changing the data you see. This is the standard remedy for right-skewed measurements (concentrations, counts, biomass), which are very common in environmental data. Zero and negative values cannot be logged and are left out while the option is on. Test output and axis labels switch to “log₁₀(name)” automatically. (Why transform? See the statistics primer.)
- Apply formula
- Computes an empty column from other columns row-by-row, using column letters:
=(D-C)*A/B,=SUM(A:D)*0.01,=IF(B>10, 1, 0). Available functions includeSUM,AVERAGE,MIN,MAX,COUNT,MEDIAN,STDEV,GEOMEAN,LOG10,LN,SQRT,EXP,ABS,ROUND,IF,AND,ORand more. A computed column updates whenever its inputs change;!Mmarks rows with missing inputs and!Emarks maths errors. - Cumulative total
- A running sum of another column (e.g. cumulative rainfall).
- Clean column
- Blanks all non-numeric cells and error markers; freezes a computed column to plain values.
- Statistics & mini Q-Q plot
- The pane shows n, mean, geometric mean, median and spread, plus a small normal Q-Q plot: if the points follow the dashed line, the column is roughly normally distributed.
In-grid cell formulas are also supported: type =A1*B1 style formulas directly into cells, using arrow keys or clicks to point at cells while typing.
表格内的单元格公式同样支持：直接在单元格里输入 =A1*B1 这样的公式，输入过程中可用方向键或点击来指向单元格。
The Sheet paneSheet 面板
The Sheet view of the side panel manages the sheet as a whole: untick a column to hide it from the grid (it stays in the data and remains available to tests), and sort rows by up to four columns — empty cells always sort last. Columns that are cumulative totals can't be used as sort keys because they depend on row order.
侧边面板的 Sheet 视图管理整张表：取消勾选某列可把它从表格中隐藏（数据仍在，检验也仍可使用它）；行可按最多四列排序——空单元格永远排在最后。累计值列不能用作排序关键字，因为它们依赖于行的顺序。
6Example datasets & guided tour示例数据集与向导
New to the program, or to a particular test? Use the Examples ▾ button on the data toolbar to load a ready-made dataset into a fresh tab. Each one opens with a short note suggesting what to try:
第一次用这个程序，或者第一次用某个检验？点数据工具栏上的 Examples ▾ 按钮，把现成的数据集载入一个新选项卡。每个示例打开时都附一小段说明，提示可以试些什么：
| Dataset | Good for practising |
|---|---|
| 数据集 | 适合练习什么 |
| River chemistry | Boxplots, one-way ANOVA with the Levene check, log-for-statistics, correlation/PCA — and it contains real <LOD censored values. |
| 河流水化学 | 箱线图、带 Levene 检验的单因素方差分析、统计前取对数、相关分析／主成分分析——而且其中含有真实的 <LOD 删失值。 |
| Invertebrate counts | Skewed counts with zeros: normality checking, then Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney. |
| 无脊椎动物计数 | 含零值的偏态计数数据：先做正态性检验，再用 Kruskal–Wallis 和 Mann–Whitney。 |
| Wheat yield trial (RCBD) | A blocked field experiment — blocked ANOVA vs a naïve one-way ANOVA. |
| 小麦产量试验（RCBD） | 一个区组化的田间试验——区组方差分析与不加区组的单因素方差分析对比。 |
| Seedling height over time | The same plants measured on four occasions, in wide format — repeated measures ANOVA, sphericity corrections and the Time × Treatment interaction. |
| 幼苗高度随时间变化 | 同一批植株在四个时点上的测量，宽表格式——重复测量方差分析、球形度校正，以及"时间 × 处理"交互作用。 |
| Algal growth vs phosphorus | A dose–response relationship: linear regression, curve fitting, and power analysis. |
| 藻类生长与磷 | 一个剂量—反应关系：线性回归、曲线拟合与功效分析。 |
| Soil elements (7 locations) | 20 elements (mg/kg) in topsoil from seven land uses: PCA, correlation matrices, ANOVA of single elements, boxplots. |
| 土壤元素（7 个地点） | 七种土地利用方式下表土中的 20 种元素（mg/kg）：主成分分析、相关矩阵、单个元素的方差分析、箱线图。 |
| Lettuce growth: fertiliser × light | A 3 × 2 factorial experiment with a strong interaction — made for two-way ANOVA. |
| 莴苣生长：施肥 × 光照 | 一个交互作用很强的 3 × 2 析因试验——正适合双因素方差分析。 |
Nothing you do to an example affects your own data — it lands in its own tab, which you can close when done.
你对示例做的任何操作都不会影响自己的数据——它落在单独的选项卡里，用完关掉即可。
7Graphs图表
Every analysis with a figure gets a graph tab. Two ways to customise:
每一项带图的分析都会有一个图表选项卡。有两种自定义方式：
- Click any text on the graph — the title, axis labels, tick labels, group names, legend entries — and type. Edits persist through option changes.
- The options panel: graph width and height, fonts and sizes, text/axis colour, primary and secondary colours (plus per-bar colours), background, grid lines, log-scaled axes, axis limits, axis crossing points, marker size, line width, bar width, error bars on/off, legend on/off. Bar charts can show mean ± SE or geometric mean with SE range, and can overlay the raw data points; regression plots offer confidence and prediction bands.
- 点击图上任意文字——标题、坐标轴标签、刻度标签、分组名称、图例条目——直接输入即可。改过的内容在调整其他选项后依然保留。
- 选项面板：图的宽高、字体与字号、文字／坐标轴颜色、主色与辅助色（以及逐条柱形的颜色）、背景、网格线、对数坐标、坐标范围、坐标轴交点、标记大小、线宽、柱宽、误差线开关、图例开关。柱状图可显示"均值 ± 标准误"或"几何均值及其标准误区间"，还可叠加原始数据点；回归图可加置信带与预测带。
Save as SVG exports a vector file (crisp at any size, editable in Inkscape/Illustrator — the right choice for theses and papers; background is transparent). Save as PNG exports a high-resolution image for slides.
Save as SVG 导出矢量文件（任意尺寸都清晰，可在 Inkscape／Illustrator 中编辑——学位论文和期刊论文应当用这个；背景透明）。Save as PNG 导出高分辨率位图，适合做幻灯片。
8Saving, opening and exporting保存、打开与导出
Everything lives in the File menu in the header: Open… and Save / Export…, which opens a dialog where you choose the format.
全部功能都在页首的 File 菜单里：Open…（打开）和 Save / Export…（保存／导出），后者会弹出对话框让你选择格式。
| Format | What you get |
|---|---|
| 格式 | 得到什么 |
| Excel workbook (.xlsx) | Every data tab as a worksheet, a Results sheet (including a native, editable Excel chart), and the complete Kiwistat project embedded — Open… restores all tabs, results and graphs exactly. After the first save, Kiwistat autosaves to the same file. |
| Excel 工作簿（.xlsx） | 每个数据选项卡成为一张工作表，另有一张 Results 表（内含可在 Excel 中编辑的原生图表），并嵌入完整的 Kiwistat 项目——用 Open… 可原样恢复所有选项卡、结果和图表。首次保存之后，Kiwistat 会自动保存到同一个文件。 |
| Apple Numbers (.numbers) | A Numbers file with your data tabs and results text — for sharing with Numbers users. (Charts and the restorable project state are only in the .xlsx save.) |
| Apple Numbers（.numbers） | 一个包含你的数据选项卡和结果文字的 Numbers 文件——便于与使用 Numbers 的人分享。（图表和可恢复的项目状态只保存在 .xlsx 里。） |
| Word report (.docx) | A document that walks through every results tab: an auto-written methods sentence describing the test you ran, the results tables, and the figure. It's a first draft to edit into your thesis or manuscript — not a finished chapter. |
| Word 报告（.docx） | 一份逐一走过每个结果选项卡的文档：自动撰写的方法句（描述你所做的检验）、结果表格和图。它是供你改写进学位论文或稿件的初稿——不是一个写好的章节。 |
| Open… | Reopens a Kiwistat .xlsx project, or imports any plain Excel/Numbers file through the alignment preview. |
| Open… | 重新打开一个 Kiwistat 的 .xlsx 项目；也可以通过对齐预览导入任何普通的 Excel／Numbers 文件。 |
Kiwistat also keeps an automatic backup in your browser, restored silently when you come back.
Kiwistat 还会在你的浏览器里保留一份自动备份，下次回来时静默恢复。
9Describing Kiwistat in publications在论文中如何描述 Kiwistat
Journals increasingly ask exactly what software performed the statistics. Kiwistat does not call any third-party statistical library: every test is computed by statistical routines written natively in JavaScript inside the application itself (for example, Shapiro–Wilk uses Royston's approximation, and studentized-range and Dunnett p-values are obtained by direct numerical integration), and these routines are validated against R and SciPy reference values. The only external JavaScript libraries used are for file handling — SheetJS (xlsx) for Excel/Numbers import and export, JSZip for workbook packaging, and docx.js for Word report export; figures are drawn as native SVG. The following paragraph can be pasted into a methods section:
越来越多的期刊要求写明统计分析究竟由什么软件完成。Kiwistat 不调用任何第三方统计库：每一项检验都由应用内部用 JavaScript 原生编写的统计例程计算（例如 Shapiro–Wilk 采用 Royston 近似，学生化极差和 Dunnett 的 p 值由直接数值积分求得），这些例程都与 R 和 SciPy 的参考值做过验证。所用的外部 JavaScript 库只用于文件处理——SheetJS (xlsx) 负责 Excel／Numbers 的导入导出，JSZip 负责工作簿打包，docx.js 负责 Word 报告导出；图形以原生 SVG 绘制。下面这段话可直接粘贴到方法部分（请保留英文原文，除非目标刊物为中文）：
Trim the list of tests to the ones you actually used, and add your access date or the site version if your journal asks for one. Guidance on what to report for each test is in the Statistics Guide under Reading & reporting results.
请把其中的检验清单删改为你实际用到的那几项；若刊物要求，再补上访问日期或站点版本。关于每种检验该报告哪些内容，见统计方法指南的结果的解读与报告一节。
10Worked example完整示例
Does stream nitrate differ among three catchments (A, B, C), 6 samples each?
三个集水区（A、B、C）各取 6 个样，溪流硝酸盐含量有没有差异？
- 录入数据：一列 Catchment（文本：A…C），一列 Nitrate（数值），共 18 行。在 Column 面板中把单位设为 mg/L。
- 检查正态性：Tests → Normality & Transformation；变量选 Nitrate，分组变量选 Catchment，变换选 log₁₀。假设原始数据右偏而取对数后正常 → 在 Nitrate 上勾选 Use log₁₀ values for statistics。
- 运行方差分析：Tests → One-way ANOVA；响应变量 = Nitrate，因子 = Catchment，事后检验 = Tukey's HSD，勾选 Levene 检验。点 Run Test。
- 在输出中核查前提假设：Levene p = 0.51 → 方差齐性没问题。（若未通过：改用输出中给出的 Welch's ANOVA，并把事后检验换成 Games-Howell——参见 Levene 检验与方差不齐。）
- 解读：F2,15，p < 0.001；字母标记显示 C = "a"，B = "b"，A = "b" → 集水区 C 显著偏高；A 与 B 之间无法区分。
- 作图：打开图表选项卡，改标题，把 y 轴标签设为"Nitrate (mg/L, log₁₀)"，调整颜色和尺寸，然后 Save as SVG。
- File → Save / Export…，把项目保存为 .xlsx。
- Enter data: column Catchment (text: A…C) and Nitrate (numeric), 18 rows. Set the unit to mg/L in the Column pane.
- Check normality: Tests → Normality & Transformation; variable = Nitrate, group by = Catchment, transformation = log₁₀. Suppose the raw data are right-skewed and log fixes it → tick Use log₁₀ values for statistics on Nitrate.
- Run the ANOVA: Tests → One-way ANOVA; response = Nitrate, factor = Catchment, post-hoc = Tukey's HSD, Levene's test ticked. Press Run Test.
- Check assumptions in the output: Levene p = 0.51 → variances fine. (Had it failed: use the reported Welch's ANOVA and switch the post-hoc to Games-Howell — see Levene's test & unequal variances.)
- Interpret: F2,15, p < 0.001; letters show C = “a”, B = “b”, A = “b” → catchment C is significantly higher; A and B are indistinguishable.
- Figure: open the graph tab, edit the title, set the y-label to “Nitrate (mg/L, log₁₀)”, adjust colours and size, Save as SVG.
- File → Save / Export… the project as .xlsx.
11FAQ & troubleshooting常见问题与排错
- A cell has turned yellow.
- It holds text inside a numeric column. It is ignored by statistics; fix the value or use Clean column.
- My numeric column shows the “text” badge.
- More than half its filled cells aren't numbers (check decimal commas, units typed into cells, thousands separators). Fix the cells or click the badge to force numeric.
- “Need at least 2 groups for ANOVA.”
- The factor column has fewer than two distinct non-empty values — or you picked the wrong column as factor.
- “No within-group replication.”
- Every group has only one observation. Check that the factor is a grouping variable, not a continuous measurement (which would make every value its own “group”).
- The log option warns about zeros/negatives.
- Those rows are excluded from statistics while the option is on. For counts with zeros, a √ transform (via a formula column,
=SQRT(A)) may suit better, or switch to a non-parametric test. - My data still aren't normal after transforming.
- Use a non-parametric test: Kruskal–Wallis for 3+ groups or Mann–Whitney U for 2. They work on ranks and assume nothing about the distribution.
- “Mann–Whitney U needs exactly 2 groups.”
- Your factor has more (or fewer) than two levels. Use Kruskal–Wallis for 3+ groups, or hide/remove the extra groups first.
- “Not enough data for a blocked ANOVA.”
- RCBD expects each treatment once in each block. Check for missing cells, duplicate treatment×block combinations, or a mis-assigned block column.
- A cell is blue and italic.
- It's a censored value like
<0.05(below a detection limit). It's kept and substituted per the Column pane's detection-limit rule — not an error. - The power analysis says I need a huge sample.
- The effect you asked to detect is small relative to the noise. That's a real finding — either the effect isn't worth chasing, or you need to reduce variability (blocking, better technique) rather than just adding replicates. See Power analysis.
- My regression R² is high but the residual plot curves.
- A line isn't the right model even though it fits “well”. Try curve fitting or transform a variable — the diagnostic plots, not R², tell you whether a straight line is appropriate.
- The Word report says there are no results.
- Run at least one test first. The report includes every results tab that contains a completed analysis.
- My imported file loaded sideways / with the wrong header row.
- Re-import and use the alignment preview: click the correct label row, or tick Swap rows ↔ columns.
- I overwrote something.
- Ctrl/Cmd+Z. Undo history covers data edits, tab operations and graph options.
- Where did my graph go?
- Every results tab has a graph button joined to it in the Workbook list; make sure the matching one is selected. Normality output only shows a graph when a group has ≥ 3 values.
- 某个单元格变黄了。
- 它在数值列里装着文本。统计时会忽略它；请改正数值，或用 Clean column。
- 我的数值列显示成了 "text" 标记。
- 该列已填写的单元格中超过一半不是数字（检查一下小数点逗号、写进单元格的单位、千位分隔符）。改正这些单元格，或点击标记强制设为数值型。
- "Need at least 2 groups for ANOVA."
- 因子列中不同的非空取值不足两个——或者你选错了因子列。
- "No within-group replication."
- 每个组都只有一个观测。请确认因子是分组变量，而不是一个连续测量值（那样每个数值都会自成一"组"）。
- 取对数的选项提示有零值或负值。
- 该选项开启期间，这些行会被排除在统计之外。对含零的计数数据，用平方根变换（通过公式列
=SQRT(A)）可能更合适，或者改用非参数检验。 - 变换之后数据仍然不服从正态。
- 改用非参数检验：三组及以上用 Kruskal–Wallis，两组用 Mann–Whitney U。它们基于秩次，对分布不作任何假设。
- "Mann–Whitney U needs exactly 2 groups."
- 你的因子多于（或少于）两个水平。三组及以上请用 Kruskal–Wallis，或先隐藏／删除多余的组。
- "Not enough data for a blocked ANOVA."
- RCBD 要求每个区组内每个处理各出现一次。请检查是否有缺失的格子、重复的"处理×区组"组合，或指错了区组列。
- 有个单元格是蓝色斜体。
- 那是像
<0.05这样的删失值（低于检出限）。它被保留下来，并按 Column 面板中的检出限规则代入——不是错误。 - 功效分析说我需要极大的样本量。
- 相对于噪声而言，你要求检出的效应太小了。这本身就是一个真实的结论——要么这个效应不值得追，要么你需要降低变异（区组化、改进操作），而不是一味增加重复。见功效分析。
- 回归的 R² 很高，但残差图是弯的。
- 尽管"拟合得好"，直线并不是正确的模型。试试曲线拟合，或对某个变量做变换——判断直线是否合适，看的是诊断图，不是 R²。
- Word 报告说没有结果。
- 请先至少运行一项检验。报告会包含每一个含有已完成分析的结果选项卡。
- 导入的文件横过来了／表头行不对。
- 重新导入，并使用对齐预览：点击正确的标题行，或勾选 Swap rows ↔ columns。
- 我把东西覆盖掉了。
- Ctrl/Cmd+Z。撤销历史涵盖数据编辑、选项卡操作和图表选项。
- 我的图去哪了？
- Workbook 列表中每个结果选项卡旁都配有一个图表按钮；请确认选中的是对应的那一个。正态性检验只有在某组至少有 3 个数值时才出图。
Kiwistat · KiwiScience — this guide is reachable from Help → User guide in the app and from the “?” help buttons throughout. The tests themselves are covered in the Statistics Guide.
Kiwistat · KiwiScience — 本指南可从应用内的 Help → User guide 以及各处的 "?" 帮助按钮进入。各项检验本身则在统计方法指南中讲解。